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The rock is weak and often crumbly, but still forms huge cliffs. Navajo lacks these impurities and thus is poorly held together. Sandstone is held together by impurities such as clay and lime that are deposited with the sand. The rock shows traces of the dunes that formed it as CROSS-BEDDING - short horizontal layers of diagonally banded rock. The diagonal bands are layers left behind by the lee faces of the dunes. The cross-bedding is seen best on the upper layers of the Navajo beside the road near the East Entrance. The sand blew back and forth, rounding the crystals and allowing impurities such as clay and silt to blow away. The climate was much the same as the current Sahara desert, and the sand accumulated in a slowly sinking basin. These somewhat contradictory characteristics result in the formation of dramatic canyons.Ī vast area of sand dunes that stretched, at one time, from central Wyoming to the southeastern point of California left behind the sand that became Navajo Sandstone. While the Navajo is a dominant rock layer across the Colorado Plateau, it is thickest in Zion National Park - 2200 feet (700 m) thick. Navajo is a cliff-forming sandstone, but soft and easily cut by flowing water. The Navajo Formation consists of one rock layer, Navajo Sandstone. Rainy summers and dry winters left behind a mix of sediments. The Kayenta formed from silt and sand left behind by streams at the southern edge of a great desert. The floor of the Subway and the red waterfalls below the Subway are Kayenta. Near the top, just below the Navajo, the Kayenta is a solid, red sandstone that forms long ledges and benches. The Kayenta Formation (500 to 700 feet thick) starts immediately above the Springdale Sandstone with more of the crumbly red siltstone that forms steep, loose slopes. The Springdale Member forms the charming gorge and waterfalls above the bridge in lower Pine Creek, in addition to the cliffband just above the town of Springdale.
![zion wetter zion wetter](https://visitutahkenticoprod.blob.core.windows.net/cmsroot/visitutah/media/site-assets/three-season-photography/mighty-5/zion/zion-national-park_the-narrows_istock.jpg)
These sands were left behind by a faster flowing river that left the sand, but swept the lighter clays and silts out to sea. The Moenave Formation (400 to 570 feet thick) is at the bottom, and has two members. It starts with a crumbly siltstone - the Dinosaur Member - that was deposited in a rainy, equatorial environment by slow streams and ponds, like a Louisiana bayou. Above the Dinosaur is the Springdale Member - a solid, blocky sandstone that forms a 30m (100 foot) sheer cliff. Both are deep red, look like piles of boulders or talus, and form steep slopes that are not quite cliffs. In Zion, the crumbly rocks leading up to the base of the Navajo are the Moenave and Kayenta layers. In geology, the beginning is at the bottom, where the oldest rocks are.
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